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Well, there are four agreed upon levels of corporeal (physical) reality; the Quantum, the Micro, the Macro and the Super Macro. Anything which occurs on one level will affect other levels. This is the basis of the “Butterfly Effect”. Since thought occurs on the Quantum level, then thoughts will affect reality on the Macro level, too, which is the level we are most aware of. Spells require rituals which, when performed accordingly, will produce a consistent mindset each time, thus hopefully affecting reality in similar ways each time. This is the way in which “magic” would work.

Having groups of people thinking the same way at the same time would help to affect reality in a specific way even more, so having covens would help in this respect. Also, being secluded from those who had opposing thoughts would also be helpful.

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Really really weird dream! What does it mean?

I had this really weird dream and I was in the park standing by a tree and my brother’s soccer team was there and his coach was handing out the team jerseys. I was there (idk why) I was standing there with no pants on but naked with only a t-shirt on. Then the coach asked me if I wanted a jersey (idk why) and I replied with ‘no.’ What does this dream mean? I need to know! Thanks!

To dream that you are naked, denotes the fear of being found out and exposed about your activities and misjudgment.

To dream that you suddenly discover your nudity and are trying to cover up, signifies your vulnerability to a situation.

To see a naked person in your dream and you are disgusted by it, signifies some anxiety about discovering the naked truth about that person or situation. It may also foretell of an illicit love affairs, loss of prestige and scandalous activities. On the other hand, if you do not have any problem with another’s nudity, then it implies that you see through people and accept them for who and what they are.

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ABSTRACT MULTIDIMENSIONAL HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL MEN AND WOMEN IN WHITE COLLAR AND BLUE COLLAR JOBS WITH AND WITHOUT LOWER BACK PAIN

ABSTRACT

MULTIDIMENSIONAL HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL MEN AND WOMEN IN WHITE COLLAR AND BLUE COLLAR JOBS WITH AND WITHOUT LOWER BACK PAIN

by

G.M.Subhasree Iyer

Masters in Clinical Psychology

Bangalore

This study examines the differences in gender, occupation and medical condition with regards to Multidimensional health locus of control and examines whether these vary depending on the five factor model of health locus of control and as a function of occupation and gender. Previous research has shown that differences based on gender are situation based. The present study examines multidimensional health locus of control and its relationship to men and women in white-collar and blue-collar jobs with and without lower back pain. The five-factor model of multidimensional health locus of control has been the most pervasive model that has been used to explain personality traits and is used in the present study.

INTRODUCTION

Locus of control is a term in psychology which refers to a person’s beliefs about what causes the good or bad results in his or her life, either in general or in a specific area such as health or academics. Locus of control refers to an individual’s generalized expectations concerning where control over subsequent events resides. In other words, who or what is responsible for what happens.

According to Weiner (1974) the “attribution theory assumes that people try to determine why people do what they do, i.e., attribute causes to behavior.” (Weiner, 1974, 1986, p362). There is a three stage process which underlies an attribution. The person must perceive or possibly observe the behaviour; Try and figure out if the behavior was intentional; and determine if the person was forced to perform that behavior. The latter behaviour occurs after the fact, i.e., behaviors are explanations for events that have already happened. Expectancy, which concerns future events, is a critical aspect of locus of control.

Locus of control is also grounded in expectancy-value theory (Martin Fishbein), which describes human behavior as determined by the perceived likelihood of an event and the value placed on that event or outcome. More specifically, expectancy-value theory states that if (a) someone values a particular outcome and (b) that person believes that taking a particular action will produce that outcome, and then (c) they are more likely to take that particular action. (Palmgreen, 1984)

Locus of control is a personality dimension first described by Julian Rotter (1966, 1975, 1990), a prominent social learning theorist. Locus of control is a generalised expectancy about the degree to which individuals control their outcomes. Rotter’s work was an important bridge between traditional social learning theories and the most modern ideas that have come to be known as the social- cognitive theory (Rotter, Chance, Phares, 1075).

Rotter found that the final choice of behaviour depends both on how strongly individual expect that their performance will have a positive result (positive expectancy) and how much the value their expected reinforcement (reinforcement value). His theory focuses on why an individual performs a behavior and on which behaviour the individual actually performs in a specific environment.

In any environment, individuals have a variety of possibly relevant behaviours in their repertoire. Some of these are more likely to occur in a particular situation than others. A particular behaviour like, laughing loudly, may have a high behaviour potential in some situations (during a hilarious movie) and low behaviour potential in other situations (during a final exam).

There are specific expectancies; that a particular reward follow a behavior in a particular situation; and generalised expectancies that are related to a group of situations. The roles of reinforcements play a very significant role in Rotter’s theory. According to him, the greater the subjective value of reinforcement, the more likely a person is to perform a behaviour associated with that valued reinforcement. The value of reinforcement is associated in relation to the values of other available reinforces.

Rotter rewarded that reinforcement with the highest value is the reinforcement that individuals expect will lead to other things we value (money, prestige, etc,) secondary reinforces are of value because of their association with the satisfaction of important psychological needs.

Rotter defines 6 psychological needs that develop out of biological needs: (a) Recognition – Status (need to achieve, have positive social standing); (b) Dominance (need to control, influence others); (c) Independence (need to make decisions for oneself); (d) Protection – Dependency (need to have others give one security and help one achieve goals); (e) Love and Affection ( need to be liked and cared by others); (f) Physical Comfort ( need to avoid pain, seek pleasure, enjoy physical security and a sense of well being).

Behavioural potential, outcome expectancy, and reinforcement potential all come together to form what Rotter termed: “The Psychological Situation”. The psychological situation represents the individual’s unique combination of potential behaviours and their value. It is the psychological situation that a person’s expectations and values interact with the situational constraints to exert a powerful influence on behaviour.

The best known feature of Rotter’s theory is the concept of internal versus external control of reinforcements. There is either the generalised expectancy that the individual’s actions lead to desired outcomes – an internal locus of control. Or, there is the belief that things outside of the individual, such as chance or powerful others, determine whether desired outcomes occur – an external locus of control.

“Externals” feel that their outcomes largely beyond their control – which they are pawns of fate. “Internals” feel that their successes and failures are determined by their actions and abilities. (Rotter, 1960: Psychological monographs, 80 (whole no.609)

Of course, locus of control is not an either – or proposition. Like any other dimension of personality, it should be thought of as occurring on a continuum. Some people are more external, some are very internal, but most people fall somewhere in between. (Rotter, 1960)

Ormel and Schaufeli (1991) conducted a research and their studies indicate that people with external locus of control develop more symptoms of psychological disorders than people characterised by an internal locus of control. Likewise, Benassi, Sweeney and Dofour (1988) conducted a Meta – analysis of 91 studies which estimated a correlation of .31 between externality and feelings of depression.

Burger (1984) conducted a research on college students that the externality correlates with a number of suicidal thoughts. Similarly, Findley and cooper (1983) conducted a research which indicated that internality is related to higher academic achievement. Youngsters with an internal locus of control get somewhat better grades than youngsters characterised by an external locus of control. Later, Njus, & Brockway, (1999) conducted a study which found out that students with an internal locus of control showed better adjustment to college in terms of academic achievement and social adjustment. Perceptions of competence and locus of control for positive and negative outcomes. (Njus & Brockway (1999) Personality and Individual Differences 26, 531-548.)

Dille, B. & Mezack, M. (1991) conducted another study which found that community college students who succeeded at distance education had high internal locus of control. Identifying predictors of high risk among community college telecourse students. (American Journal of Distance Education 5 (1), 24-35.)Basgall and Snyder (1983) conducted a study which concluded that external locus of control allows people to make excuses readily for poor performance. Externals can protect their self – esteem by blaming lousy grades or failures in areas on bad luck.

Hannah Levenson (1973) offered an alternative model to that of Rotter’s uni-dimensional model. According to Levenson, there are three independent dimensions: Interbality; Chance; and Powerful Others. This model says that one can endorse each of these dimensions of locus of control independently and at the same time. It can otherwise be called as orthogonal (independent) dimensions. For Example: A person might simultaneously believe that both oneself and powerful others influence outcomes, but that chance does not.

This means that external people not only believe that events are beyond their control, but they do so either in terms of chance or powerful others. Internal locus of control individuals are more likely to be achievement – oriented because they see that their own behaviour can result in positive effects; and they are more likely to be high achievers as well, external locus of control people tend to be less independent and also are more likely to be depressed and stressed.

Further more; Rotter developed a scale of internal – external locus of control, which measures an individual’s have enduring dispositions, despite the important role of situation in determining behaviour. In his original conception, Rotter saw locus of control as a stable independent difference variable with two dimensions (internal and external), influencing a variety of behaviour in a number of different contexts.

After a few decades of research, it’s becoming clear that a person’s locus of control may not be quite generalised as Rotter originally assumed. Some people display internal locus of control regarding events in one domain of life, while displaying an external locus of control regarding events in another domain. In the light of this finding, some researchers are studying locus of control as it relates to specific domains of behaviour.

Multidimensional Health Locus Of Control:

The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales are widely used to characterize a person’s beliefs about control over health outcomes. Health locus of control is one of the widely used measures of an individual’s health belief, and is defined as the governing perception an individual has concerning their health. The multi-dimensional health locus of control scale (HLCS) has been designed to determine whether individuals are internalists or externalists.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between health locus of control and helpfulness of prayer as a direct – action coping mechanism in patients before having cardiac surgery.

The Multidimensional health locus of control scales and the investigator – developed helpfulness of prayer scale was issued to 100 subjects 1 day before the cardiac surgery. 96 subjects indicated that prayer was used as a coping mechanism in dealing with stress of the surgery, and 70 of these subjects gave it the highest possible rating on the helpfulness of prayer scale. No relationship was found between locus of control and helpfulness of prayer.

Past research has raised concern about the possible confounding of desires for control with expectancies about control as measured in the MHLC scales. Researchers

examined whether the original MHLC scales were more highly correlated with measures of expectancies about control or desires for control. They then examined whether the psychometric properties of the MHLC scales could be improved by using response options with expectancy anchors rather than agree—disagree anchors.

Later, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale was administered to 137 chronic haemodialysis outpatients in a survey designed to examine the relationship of these scores to serum phosphorus, a laboratory indicator of dietary compliance in end-stage renal disease. In a multiple regression analysis, scores on the Powerful Others Locus of Control subscale accounted for 8.9% of the variance in serum phosphorus. Discussion includes a tentative explanation of the findings and limitations of the design.

Norman and Bennett argue that a stronger relationship is found when health locus of control is assessed for specific domains than when general measures of locus of control are taken. Lefcourt, (1991) after his study concluded that “Overall, studies using behavior-specific health locus scales have tended to produce more positive results.

Originally the construct of health locus of control was derived from the Social Learning Theory developed by Rotter in 1966. The social learning theory states that an individual learns on the basis of their history of reinforcement. The individual will develop general and specific expectancies. Through a learning process, individuals will develop the belief that certain outcomes are a result of their action (internals) or a result of other forces independent of themselves (externals).

Questioning the idea of locus of control as a unidimensional construct, Dr. Hannah Levenson argued that understanding and prediction could be improved by studying fate and chance expectations separately from external control and powerful others.

According to Levenson, powerful others should not be internal or external and beliefs about people in general should have less predictive power about one’s control. Realizing the utility and supporting evidence of the multidimensionality, The Multidimensional health Locus of Control was developed.

The brief description of the theory explores the fact that: Health Locus Of Control (HLC) is a degree to which individuals believe that their health is controlled by internal or external factors. Whether a person is external or internal is based on a series of statements. The statements are scored and summed to find the above.

Those scoring above the median are labelled “Health – Externals” and those below the median are labelled “Health – Internals”.

Externals refer to belief that one’s outcome is under the control of powerful others (i.e., doctors) or is determined by fate, luck or chance.

Internals refers to the belief the one’s outcome is directly the result of one’s behaviour.

Dr. Hanna Levenson questioned the conceptualisation of the locus of control as a unidimensional construct. She predicted that the construct could be better understood by studying fate and chance expectancies separately from the external control by powerful others.

Levenson developed the 3 item Likert scale termed the IPC Scale which was used to measure generalized locus of control beliefs.

I      -        Internal

P      -        Powerful others

C      -       Chance

Wallston & Wallston combined their unidimensional HLC Scale and Levenson’s IPC Scale and developed The Muilidimensional Health Locus Of Control (MHLC) Scale. The MHLC Scale consists of 3 six – item scales also using the Likert Scale Format.

Internal HLC (IHLC) is the extent to which one believes that internal factors are responsible for health/illness.

Powerful Others HLC (PHLC) is the belief that one’s health is determined by powerful others.

Chance HLC (CHLC) measures the extent to which one believes that health illness is a matter of fate, luck or chance.

Locus of control has been a concept which has certainly generated more research in psychology, in various areas. There will probably continue to be a debate about specific or more global measures of locus of control will prove to be more useful. Careful differences should be made in between locus of control (a concept linked with expectations of the future) and attributional style (a concept linked with explanations of the past outcomes) or between locus of control and concepts like self efficacy. The importance of locus of control as a topic of psychology is likely to remain quite certain for many years.

Low back pain

LBP is defined as pain and discomfort localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without referred leg pain. (www.backpaineurope.org).

The exact cause of pain for the majority of LBP patients remains unknown. It is frequently reported that low back pain symptoms, pathology and radiological findings are poorly correlated (Espeland et al., 2001; Jarvik & Deyo, 2000; Van Tulder et al., 1997). In 80 to 90%of back pain cases there are no evident objective findings, and therefore difficult to establish 22 pathological basis of pain (Deyo, 1988; Pope & Novotny, 1993; Waddell, 2004d). An approach to diagnosis is Waddell’s diagnostic triage (Waddell, 2004b):

• Non-specific (ordinary) backache

• nerve root pain

• Possible serious spinal pathology

- Most back pain is non-specific, defined as mechanical pain of musculoskeletal origin in which symptoms vary with physical activities and includes a variety of different conditions (Waddel, 2004b).

- Nerve root pain, also called sciatica, can arise from a disk prolapse or spinal stenosis. It is a sharp, well-localized pain down the leg that at least approximates to a dermatome pattern. It radiates below the knee and often into the foot or toes. There is a lack of epidemiological studies examining the prevalence of lumbar radiculopathy, but it is assumed that less than 5%true nerve root pain (Waddell, 2004b).

-Serious spinal pathology is often referred to as “red flags” and includes diseases such astumor and infection, and inflammatory disease such as ankylosing spondylitis. About1% of people seen with LBP in primary care have a neoplasm (Deyo, 1992), and 4% have fractures (Deyo, 1992).Spinal infections are rare (www.backpaineurope.org).Less than 1% is due to inflammatory disease that needs rheumatologic investigation and treatment (Waddell, 2004b).

Many factors influence the development of disability due to LBP. Frank et al. (1996) described three stages in the development of chronic disability:

• In the acute stage (< 4 weeks), the prognosis is good and 90% settle within 6 weeks, atleast sufficient to return to work.

• The sub acute stage (4-12 weeks) is the critical stage for intervention. Psychosocial issues become more important.

• In the chronic stage (> 12 weeks), psychosocial issues are important with major impact one very aspect of the individual’s life, family, and work. The prognosis is poor. Likelihood of return to work diminishes with time. Medical treatment, rehabilitation, and vocational rehabilitation are difficult and success rate is low.

In all stages diagnostic concerns related to possible serious spinal pathology as well as psychosocial influences has to be taken into consideration. Psychosocial concerns, expectations, and behavior are different at the acute, sub acute and chronic stages. Social, employment, and economic status changes from the acute to the chronic stage. The outcome of any intervention may be quite different in each phase, so the timing of health care or rehabilitation interventions is critical. To avoid development of chronic LBP, early intervention might be crucial, and active interventions to control pain and improve activity levels might reduce disability.

Prevalence of low back pain / economic consequences

A large number of international studies show that 12-33% of people report back complaints on the day of the interview; 22-65% report back pain in the previous 12 months, and 11-84%report back pain at some timing their life. (backpaineurope.org)

Norwegian studies have found one month prevalence of 22% (Hagen et al., 1997) and 40% (Ihlebæk et al., 2002), and one year prevalence of 53% (Natvig et al., 1995). Studies of adult populations have tended to show an increase in the prevalence of low back pain until mid to late forties, with rates stabilizing after that age until the mid sixties (Walsh et al., 1992; Skovron et al., 1994).

Despite the high prevalence of LBP in the general population, it has been estimated that in a12-month period, fewer than 10% of those episodes will lead to a consultation with a healthcare practitioner (Papa Georgiou et al., 1995). The proportion of the population with work loss due to low back pain is estimated to about 2-5% per year (Mason, 1994; Nachemson et al., 2000; Waddell, 2004d). Most acute LBP episodes resolve within a few weeks regardless of treatment (Deyo, 1998), but residual symptoms and recurrences are common, occurring in 40-80% of patients (Battie & Bigos, 1991; Von Korff et al., 1993), which may influence health and quality of life of the individuals. A minority (6%) develops chronic disabling back pain (Croft et al., 1997), and this minority is responsible for the largest part of the costs due to LBP (Frymoyer & Cats-Baril, 1991; Goossens, 2002; Brage et al., 1998). Interventions directed to reduce development of chronic disability due to LBP might be cost-effective.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The purpose of the study was to determine whether there exists a difference in the health locus of control scores of men and women among white collar and blue collar jibs with and without lower back pain. Much has been done in terms of research on lower back pain using the questionnaire Multidimensional Health Locus of Control. A few of the studies are been noted down here below. The literature comprises articles on Health locus of control, gender, different medical ailments.

“Perceptions of health locus of control in people with acute lower back pain”

by Roberts. et. al.(2002) -  tested how people with acute low back pain respond to this common symptom and whether they perceive themselves able to influence their back pain episode. Low back pain was common among Brazilians, especially affecting those who are working. Psychosocial factors, such as the health locus of control, are associated with low back pain prognoses. (Physiotherapy, 88, (9), 543-548). (Doi:10.1016/S0031-9406(05)60137-X). Their basis of such an assumption explained that “With respect to the relationships between sex differences, with men perceiving greater influence of powerful others and chance factors in their acute back pain than women participants.” It is true that perceptions of control over their back pain changed over time and were not synonymous with their perceptions about general health. The results concluded that when people develop back pain, their psychological make-up influences how they respond. Locus of control may be a factor affecting this response and is likely to form part of a broader issue of ‘perceived control over health’.

`“Locus of Control and Health – A Review of Literature” (Health Education Monographs, 6, 107 – 117) by Wallston, B.S. & Wallston, K.A. (1978).                          This is the original article enclosed by Wallston, B.S. & Wallston, K.A. (1978) on Locus of Control, a construct derived from Rotter’s social learning theory. The review of this paper focuses on measurement of internal – external locus of control and the relation of this individual difference dimension to health – related disorders. This review is primarily concerned with health behavior and sick – role behavior. This study is reviewed on the utility of the locus of control construct in understanding smoking reduction, birth control utilization, weight loss, information seeking, adherence to medical regimes, and other health and sick – role behaviors. This arises from the differing opinions of Kasl and Cobb conceptualized health – related behaviors as behavior related to prevention, termed illness behavior, and behavior following diagnosis, termed sick – role behavior. This study had a convenient sample of 60 (31 female and 29 male) guidance student with an age range of 23 to 33 years. The 60 participants belonged to 2 classes and the questionnaire was given depending on the classes chosen the he forms selected. In regards to smoking, several studies concluded that internals (those who believe that reinforcement is contingent upon the individual’s behavior) are more likely to engage in behaviors that facilitate physical well – being. The study was governed to publish their first valid results using the MHLC questionnaire on various areas like birth control and abortion studies, kidney patients and dialysis, venereal disease in women, tuberculosis, sick–role behavior, adherence, weight loss, information, and smoking. Likewise, results in the birth control and locus of control also produced same outcomes. Macdonald showed that among single female college students, 62% of the internals reported practicing contraception, while only 37 % of the externals did so. Harkley and King, in their analysis showed no difference in locus of control between abortion parents and use of birth control, with both groups scoring slightly more internal than female norms. In an early study, Seeman and Evans found that tuberculosis patients matched for occupational status, education and ward placement, internals knew more about their condition, were more inquisitive with patients and nurses about tuberculosis and their situation, and indicated less satisfaction with the amount of information they were getting from hospital personnel than did externals. Weaver found that kidney patients using dialysis machines, internals are more likely to comply with diet restrictions and keep scheduled appointments more regularly than externals. Darrow (summarized in Strickland) found that internal females with venereal disease were more likely to return to treatment with the appearance of new symptoms than were the external females.  Manno and Marston found, in their study that externally oriented subjects weighed more initially, but lost more weight in the later stages. In another study, O’Bryan found that overweight women to be more externals. Thus, there is an evidence that locus of control construct is relevant to the prediction of health behaviors and sick- role behavior. Internals show behavior that is more positive in each of these areas, but contradictory evidence has been presented which, in some instances, could indicate that it is more functional to hold external beliefs.

METHODOLOGY

Objective

• To assess the differences in the health locus of control in participants with and without lower back pain.
• To study the influence of occupation and gender on health locus of control among participants with and without back pain.

Hypothesis

• There exists gender difference with regards to Multidimensional health locus of control.
• Different occupations contribute differently to Multidimensional health locus of control.
• There exist differences in participants with and without lower back pain.

Variables

The independent variables in the study are gender, age and lower back pain. The dependent variables are health locus of control. The study is based on a corelational research design

Research instruments

For the present research, the investigator took the aid of the research conducted by Ken Wallston et al., at Vanderbilt University (1978). The following instruments were used in the study: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) – Form A (Wallston, Wallston, & DeVellis, 1978, and Form C (Wallston, Stein, & Smith, 1994, Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 534-553).

Multidimensional Health Locus Of Control Form A (MHLC – A) – The brief form of this questionnaire developed by Wallston, Wallston, & DeVellis, (1978) cited in (Health Education Monographs, 6, 160-170) to measure a client’s health locus of control. It is an 18 item, self-report questionnaire made up of 5 discrete subscales designed to measure health locus of control. The subscales measure expectancies in five general areas: Internal Health Locus of Control, Powerful Others Health Locus of Control, and Chance Health Locus of Control, Other People Health Locus of Control, Doctor’s Health Locus of Control. (MHLC – A) of the items is scored on a 6- point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 6 (Strongly Agree). Scale scores on the MHLC – A are calculated by summing respective items for a total scale score (i.e., where 1 = “strongly disagree” and 6 = “strongly agree”). Higher scores reflect stronger endorsement of MHLC scales. There were no items, which needed reversed before summing. All of the subscales are independent of one another. As such, there is no such thing as a “total” MHLC score (Health Education Monographs, 6, 160-170). The internal consistency of the scale was measured through Cronbach’s coefficient ? and it ranges from 0.60 to 0.75 (Wallston 1978).

Multidimensional Health Locus Of Control Form C (MHLC – C) – It was developed by Wallston, Stein, & Smith, (1994) cited in (Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 534-553). It is an 18 item scale that is designed it measure the five domains namely: Internal Health Locus of Control, Powerful Others Health Locus of Control, and Chance Health Locus of Control, Other People Health Locus of Control, Doctor’s Health Locus of Control. Research shows this scale was designed to be “condition-specific” and can be used in place of Form A when studying people with an existing health/medical condition. Responses were measured on 1 to 6 point Likert response scale. Scale scores on the MHLC – C are calculated by summing respective items for a total scale score (i.e., where 1 = “strongly disagree” and 6 = “strongly agree”). Higher scores reflect stronger endorsement of MHLC scales. There were no items, which needed reversed before summing. All of the subscales are independent of one another. As such, there is no such thing as a “total” MHLC score. This scale was developed for people with an existing health condition and it has been shown to be reliable and structurally valid with all groups of individuals (Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 534-553).

Validity and Reliability

The test-retest reliability for the Internal, Chance, and Powerful Others using Pearson’s moment correlation were 0.60 (p < 0.001), 0.58 (p < 0.002), and 0.74 (p < 0.0001), respectively. (Wallston 1978). The obtained results indicated significant correlation coefficients between the two scale factors i.e., 0.57 for Internal (P < 0.001), 0.49 for Powerful Others (P < 0.01), and 0.53 for Chance (p < 0.001). For bivariate correlation among the subscales, correlation analysis was calculated. In this regard, there was a positive but weak correlation (0.28) between the Internal HLC and Powerful HLC, no correlation was found between the Chance HLC and Powerful Others HLC (r = -0.31); and a negatively weak correlation coefficient was found between the Internal HLC and the Chance HLC (r = -0.20). Thus the MHLC – A can be used with non-client student populations too, regardless of prior counseling experience.

Scoring

The scoring for the questionnaire consisted of 5 subscales namely Internal Health Locus of Control, Powerful Others Health Locus of Control, and Chance Health Locus of Control, Other People Health Locus of Control, Doctor’s Health Locus of Control. Each of these subscales contains six items with a six-point Likert response scale ranging from ‘Strongly Agree’ to ‘Strongly Disagree’, with the scoring of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. Form C has two, independent 3 item subscales:  doctors, and other people, instead of a single 6 item powerful others subscale.

Scales are scored by summing respective items for a total scale score (i.e., where 1 = “strongly disagree” and 6 = “strongly agree”). Higher scores reflect stronger endorsement of MHLC scales.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study was conducted to assess the differences in the health locus of control in subjects with and without lower back pain. The study was also conducted to check the influence of occupation and gender on health locus of control among subjects with and without lower back pain.

The obtained scores are further calculated. Number of subjects divided by age, gender and medical condition is indicated in Table 1. The results obtained are given in

Table 1, Table 2, Table 3.

The hypothesis of the present study is that

1. Different occupations contribute differently to Multidimensional health locus of control.
2. There exists gender difference with regards to Multidimensional health locus of control.
3. There exist differences in participants with and without lower back pain.

Table 1 indicating the scores of the sub scales among all men and women subjects on whom experiment was conducted

Sub Scales

Analysis

Internal

Chance

Doctors

Other people

Powerful others

Mean1(men)

29.771

19.5

12.778

11.935

23.928

Mean 2(women)

27.8

19.05

12.428

11.7

22.314

S. D. 1

6.252

8.374

3.391

3.8325

6.394

S.D. 2

4.951

6.433

3.745

3.5085

6.791

Z – Ratio

**6.968

1.076

*1.550

1.4245

**3.719

** Significant at 0.01 & 0.05 levels

* Significant at 0.01 level

From the above Table 1, the mean of the sub scales internal for men and women are  29.771 and 27.5, that of powerful others is 23.928 and 22.314 and of doctors is 12.514 and 12.428 respectively. The Z – ratio of the sub scales Internal and Powerful others and doctors are 6.968, 3.719 and 1.550 respectively, which indicates that they are highly significant at 0.01 and 0.05 levels. There exists a corresponding difference in health locus of control among men and women and since the mean of men is relatively more than women, it proves that men perceive greater influence to internal factor than the women participants. Whereas, the mean of men and women are comparatively same in regards to doctors and powerful others factors indicates that both give equal importance to these scales in balancing their health. But with regards to the sub scales chance and other people, the Z – ratio is 1.076 and 1.424 is found to be insignificant. The study conducted by Levenson’s (1974) has proved that men are prone to internal sub scale than women. Hence the hypothesis based on gender has been partially proved at some subscales in the present study.

Table 2 indicating the scores of the sub scales of all the participants belonging to white collar and Blue collar jobs in the experiment.

Sub Scales

Analysis

Internal

Chance

Doctors

Other people

Powerful others

Mean1(men)

28.978

16.6

12.151

11.15

11.364

Mean 2(women)

27.8

19.05

12.428

11.7

22.314

S. D. 1

6.156

6.915

3.254

10.596

6.409

S.D. 2

5.250

7.068

3.870

3.757

6.777

Z – Ratio

0.285

**0.316

0.225

**0.320

0.434

From the above Table 2, the mean of the sub scales chance for white collar jobs versus blue collar jobs are 16.6 and 19.05 and that of other people is 11.15 and 11.7 respectively. The Z – ratio of the sub scales chance and other people are 22.314 and 6.777 respectively, which indicates that they are highly significant at 0.01 and 0.05 levels. Since the mean of chance factor of the participants of the blue collar jobs is more than the white collar jobs, which proves that participants of the blue collar jobs perceive more influence of chance factors than the white collar jobs. Since the mean of other people factor of the participants of white collar jobs is comparatively same as blue collar jobs, it proves that men give almost equal importance to sub scale other people to balance their health factors. But with regards to the sub scales internal, doctors and powerful others, the Z – ratio is 1.351, .791 and 0.905 is found to be insignificant. However no research was found with regards to occupation leading to health locus of control in men and women. The study conducted by Roberts et, al., (2002) suggest that men perceive greater influence of powerful others and chance than women, which is much similar to the present study.

Hence the hypothesis based on occupation has been partially proved in some subscales in the present study.

Table 3 indicating the scores of the sub scales of all the participants with and without lower back pain in the experiment.

Sub Scales

Analysis

Internal

Chance

Doctors

Other people

Powerful others

Mean1(men)

27.8

18.37

13.421

12.292

—-

Mean 2(women)

29.771

20.071

11.785

11.342

23.121

S. D. 1

6.252

8.408

3.209

3.400

—-

S.D. 2

4.951

6.279

3.735

3.874

6.596

Z – Ratio

**6.968

**5.226

**7.343

**4.167

—-

From the above Table 3, the mean of the sub scales internal, chance, doctors and other people for participants with and without lower back pain 27.8 and 29.77, 18.37 and 20.07, 13.42 and 11.7 and 12.29 and 1.34 respectively. The Z – ratio of the sub scales internal, chance, doctors and other people are 6.968, 5.226, 7.343 and 4.167 respectively, which indicates that they are highly significant at 0.01 and 0.05 levels. Since the mean of the participants with lower back pain is comparatively same as without lower back pain, it proves that participants give almost equal importance to the sub scales chance, doctors and other people to balance their health.

Hence the hypothesis based on medical condition has been significantly proved in all the subscales in the present study.

SUMMARY

The study on Gender and Occupation leading to Multidimensional Health locus of control was conducted on white collar and blue collar men and women.

• The first hypothesis formulated namely – there exists gender differences with regards to multidimensional health locus of control has been partially proved.
• The second hypothesis formulated namely – different occupations contribute differently to multidimensional health locus of control has been partially proved.
• The results of the third hypothesis namely – there exists differences in multidimensional health locus of control with regards to participants with and without lower back pain has been partially proved.

RECOMMENDATIONS

·        The study shows that lower back pain is based on gender and occupation. This can be reduced by reducing their work loads. Physical spine exercise/relaxation is a form of lower back pain reduction often used by physiotherapists.

• Lower back pain is situation specific. This can be viewed from the significance levels seen in occupation standards. Hence, the work place ambience and working style is also a major aspect which causes spine ailment.
• The most important way people deal with lower back pain is avoid its existence in the first place. If someone faces a terrible pain in the spine, the easiest way to deal with this new ailment is to identify the pain and notice the sitting arrangement and work place.
• The research is limited in its scope with regards to gender and occupation factor only. Hence, further studies can be conducted taken into consideration variables like countries, family background etc.

REFERENCES

Adams N. Psychosocial factors affecting pain. In: Adams N, ed. The Psychophysiology of Low Back Pain.

Aarø LE. Health behaviors and socioeconomic status. A study among the adult population in Norway. Thesis for the degree Dr.Philos, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen 1986.

Atkinson, Hilgard. (203). Introduction to Psychology. India: Thomson Business Information India Pvt. Ltd.

Backpaineurope (www.backpaineurope.org)

Bandura. A (1994) Self – Efficacy. Encyclopedia of human behavior. (Vol. 4, 71 – 81)

Bandura. A (1986). Social Foundations of thought and action. Asocial Cognitive theory. Upper saddle river, NJ: Prentice hall.

Basem Farid, Madekeine Clark, Roger Williams (1998), Health Locus Of Control in Problem Drinkers With and Without Liver Disease ; Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 184-187, 1998.

Barker Lewis. (2000). Psychology.  New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Coon Dennis, Mitterer O. John. (2007). Introduction To Psychology, Gateways to Mind and bahavior. New Delhi. Akash Press.

Deyo RA. Low Back Pain. Sci Am 1998;August: 29-33. And More…

APPENDIX

NAME

AGE

SEX

OCCUPATION

HIGHEST DEGREE OF QUALIFICATION

LOWER BACK PAIN – Yes/ No

Instructions: Each item below is a belief statement about your medical condition with which you may agree or disagree. Beside each statement is a scale which ranges from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (6). For each item we would like you to circle the number that represents the extent to which you agree or disagree with that statement. The more you agree with a statement, the higher will be the number you circle. The more you disagree with a statement; the lower will be the number you circle. Please make sure that you answer EVERY ITEM and that you circle ONLY ONE number per item. There is no right or wrong answers. There is no time limit for the responses, which you feel may fit right, the same may be marked. Your responses would be kept highly confidential.

Form A:

1=STRONGLY DISAGREE (SD)
2=MODERATELY DISAGREE (MD)
3=SLIGHTLY DISAGREE (D)

4=SLIGHTLY AGREE (A)
5=MODERATELY AGREE (MA)
6=STRONGLY AGREE (SA)

S.NO

SD

MD

D

A

MA

SA

1.

If I get sick, it is my own behaviour which determines how soon I get well again.

1

2

3

4

5

6

2.

No matter what I do, if I am going to get sick, I will get sick.

1

2

3

4

5

6

3.

Having regular contact with my physician is the best way for me to avoid illness.

1

2

3

4

5

6

4.

Most things that affect my health happen to me by accident.

1

2

3

4

5

6

5.

Whenever I don’t feel well, I should consult a medically trained professional.

1

2

3

4

5

6

6.

I am in control of my health.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7.

My family has a lot to do with my becoming sick or staying healthy.

1

2

3

4

5

6

8.

When I get sick, I am to blame.

1

2

3

4

5

6

9.

Luck plays a big part in determining how soon I will recover from an illness.

1

2

3

4

5

6

10.

Health professionals control my health.

1

2

3

4

5

6

11.

My good health is largely a matter of good fortune.

1

2

3

4

5

6

12.

The main thing which affects my health is what I myself do.

1

2

3

4

5

6

13.

If I take care of myself, I can avoid illness.

1

2

3

4

5

6

14.

Whenever I recover from an illness, it’s usually because other people (for example, doctors, nurses, family, and friends) have been taking good care of me.

1

2

3

4

5

6

15.

No matter what I do, I ‘m likely to get sick.

1

2

3

4

5

6

16.

If it’s meant to be, I will stay healthy.

1

2

3

4

5

6

17.

If I take the right actions, I can stay healthy.

1

2

3

4

5

6

18.

Regarding my health, I can only do what my doctor tells me to do.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Form C:

1=STRONGLY DISAGREE (SD)
2=MODERATELY DISAGREE (MD)
3=SLIGHTLY DISAGREE (D)

4=SLIGHTLY AGREE (A)
5=MODERATELY AGREE (MA)
6=STRONGLY AGREE (SA)

S.NO

SD

MD

D

A

MA

SA

1.

If my condition worsens, it is my own behaviour which determines how soon I will feel better again.

1

2

3

4

5

6

2.

As to my condition, what will be will be.

1

2

3

4

5

6

3.

If I see doctor regularly, I am less likely to have problems with my condition.

1

2

3

4

5

6

4.

Most things that affect my condition happen to me by chance.

1

2

3

4

5

6

5.

Whenever my condition worsens, I should consult a medically trained professional.

1

2

3

4

5

6

6.

I am directly responsible for my condition getting better or worse.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7.

Other people play a big role in whether my condition improves, stays the same, or gets worse.

1

2

3

4

5

6

8.

Whatever goes wrong with my condition is my own fault.

1

2

3

4

5

6

9.

Luck plays a big part in determining how my condition improves.

1

2

3

4

5

6

10.

In order for my condition to improve, it is up to other people to see that the right things happen.

1

2

3

4

5

6

11.

Whatever improvement occurs with my condition is largely a matter of good fortune.

1

2

3

4

5

6

12.

The main thing which affects my condition is what I myself do.

1

2

3

4

5

6

13.

I deserve the credit when my condition improves and the blame when it gets worse.

1

2

3

4

5

6

14.

Following doctor’s orders to the letter is the best way to keep my condition from getting any worse.

1

2

3

4

5

6

15.

If my condition worsens, it’s a matter of fate.

1

2

3

4

5

6

16.

If I am lucky, my condition will get better.

1

2

3

4

5

6

17.

If my condition takes a turn for the worse, it is because I have not been taking proper care of myself.

1

2

3

4

5

6

18.

The type of help I receive from other people determines how soon my condition improves.

1

2

3

4

5

6

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Iphone – the Next Wonder of the World or Just a Flop?

Pocket Porn on the Iphone

The big screen fast internet connection combined with its user friendliness, makes lots of users attracted to the iPhone.

Men en stor skjerm, rask internett-tilkobling og brukervennlighet er det ikke bare mobilbrukere verden over som blir tiltrukket av iPhone.

The leading content providers for porn has according to Time Magazine embraced the iPhone to be the dream come through for pocket pornography. They are just looking forward to the iPhone firmware 2.0 that with 3G will have more speed than its predecessor.

iPhone is the most user-friendly telephone in the market and suited best of all phones to receive porn related stuff.

Apple does not comment on this issue at all so far, but has spoken out now;

”We do not tolerate the pornographic content is distributed via the iPhone, and we will ban adult content in our official applications in the same way we have limited the access to such content in our podcast section on the Apple Store”.

It is not (just) a Telephone – and We Talk About the Iphone 3G

Lots of people spend energy discussing what iPhone can and can not do, compared to its competitors like HTC, Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Blackberry and many more. Some are of the opinion that iPhone is the largest invention since the wheel was discovered, and others think it is a hoax. What is the real strategy behind Apples’ work on this product?

iPhone is not foremost a telephone. iPhone is a small computer and media player that you also can make phone calls with.

Apple has made the first handheld computer platform that is so user friendly that you and me actually want to explore its potential it can offer you. Everybody that has dealt with the smart phones, PDAs’ and pocket PCs’ in the mobile and computer industry, knows that it is not something to be taken for granted. You will not be in love with a smart phone that is all other than smart.

On the iPhone you can read e-books, call for free on SKYPE, play electric guitar, drive car games, or play poker, check the TV programs, measure if my shelf is leveled right,. I can check my Twitter account, as I can check my e-mail, surf on the web and all the other things the phone is meant to do. I an also make my own programs on the gadget with the Apple SDK.

Several free or paid ad-on software like video recording and such, makes it possible to create some personality to my iPhone, which is not always something that can easily be done with the average cell phone.

The selection of free or shareware type of software is tremendous already, but is nothing to what will be available partly for free, and partly towards payment when Apple launches their shop for iPhone software in their AppStore.

Lots of the hacked iPhone software available now can be characterized as hobby projects, but after Apple opened up their platform for developers through their Software Development Kit for iPhone. Lots of serious software developers has entered the race to be the first and best iPhone developers in the market.

This is where the iPhone strategy differs. People are used to pay for music, movies and tv-series to their iPod or iPhone in iTunes Stores already. Then the road to shop software for a few bucks is short. All evidence points into the direction that user friendliness and shopping selection in AppStore will be in its own class, and differ dramatically from what the other cell phone producers can offer. How many times did you shop for software to your Nokia or SonyEricsson?

Just like with the iPod, Apple is building a closed eco system around the product. iPhone software will only be purchased through the AppStore, not very user friendly but it works. This is how the iPhone will become a money machine, that will tap into your account every time you just have to have that application you need.

With the 2.0 version of the iPhone release on July 11th Apple targets the business segment of the market as well. Integration towards Microsoft Exchange, high level of security and support for the push technology enables new email to automatically come into iPhone. At the same time the changes you make in your contact list or calendar at work will be updated on the iPhone.

Eleven Things You Will Hate About the Iphone 3G

The iPhone 1.0 and 2.0 has been in the market now for a short while and has won the attraction of many users. However, one would expect some features to follow this high-tech gadget as it comes into the market in July. There are several features that Steve Jobs do not talk about when he launches this latest version of iPhone, identical to 2.0 version only with 3G and GPS on it. So what am I complaining about? Why do I just not get excited and tell everybody how great this new Apple gadget is?

Well, first of all, this is a cellphone, and should compete with other cellphones’ and their features and capabilities. It is just fair to let people know that there are cell phones in the market that can offer things that Apple iPhone can not. I am not saying that iPhone 3G is bad, oh no, I would say the opposite, it is a great all in one gadget, improved with its 3G and GPS ability, which maybe put it in the front line when it comes to smart cell phones. However, there are still some features I would like to see in this phone, in order to at least “talk” to my other gadgets I have at home or work.

1. No MMS. There were no words mentioned about MMS during the presentation at all, and there are no net pages that mention whether it will be available in version 2.0 of iPhone. Several blog sites have announced that they will integrate their services direct on the cell phone with the option to load pictures and text. We think that the telecom industry will miss this feature most, as they will loose their chance to offer more expensive animated picture services on their network. The opening for third party software on the iPhone makes it possible for the network providers to add this service on if they feel for it.

2. No video recording. The camera on the iPhone is more than capable to record videos, and with up to 16 GB storage it should be enough storage to record more than most of us need. But there is no video function, and this is a petty since Apple makes superior video editing software for their computers. If any programmers wants to, he can make a video recorder through the camera available. So for those who wants to make a software for video recording, it is just to start right away.

3. No docking station. The tiny plastic stand that comes together with version 1.0 of the iPhone is now extra add on. This is the same development as happened with the iPod, where Apple went from full package with charger and docking station to a package where you hardly got a power cable included.

4. No video conference. This is maybe the least missed features in the iPhone as this is a very little used feature in the network provider’s product portfolio.

 
5. Still only 2 Megapixles in the camera. It is a myth that more megapixles makes better pictures, but as long as all other factors are the same, it would be better with more mega pixles on the camera. iPhone makes very good pictures with the small camera available, so it is really a shame that Apple does not provide more megapixles on the camera than they do.

6. No wirless iTunes syncronization. You still have to connect through the cable to transfer music. With Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and 3G the cable should have been history for the small updates one have to perform daily, like music f.inst. The first synchronization of the iPhone has to be performed by cable, as 16 GB will take a while on the Wi-Fi, but the rest of the time should have been able to be performed through wireless connection.

7. No Adobe Flash. iPhone has a very good internet browser. It is so good that it is used for most mobile traffic to Google, this despite that iPhone is nowhere close to dominate the market on the cell phone side. It is therefore disappointing that Flash is not supported on the iPhone, and even more disappointing when you want to browse a web page that you need to see a flash movie before you can go further into the page.

8. No Java. This means that you still can not use several net banks used around the world on iPhone net browser.

9. No extra Bluetooth functions. Bluetooth on the existing version 1.0 of iPhone is limited in use. You can not send files between iPhone and other cell phones. Nor can it transfer between the iPhones or other iPhones..There is no option for using bluetooth head phones and there is no chance to connect to a PC.

 
10. No special price for you, my friend!  This marks the end where you can take your stronger currency and buy a iPhone in US shops and then hack it home. Sure, the hackers will find ways to avoid the blockings made on the iPhone, but you will need to pay anyway. The reason people could buy the first version of iPhone cheap, was because the consumer could sign the subscription at home. The consumer did not commit to anything in the shop, and this opened for using local SIM-cards. In the next version of the iPhone, the consumer will demand you sign a subscription in the shop before you can take the iPhone with you home.

11. Language selection. It is almost not understandable how Apple leaves the Arabic language out of its language selection. Arabic language is the 5th largest language in the world, and has a high potential user group with a great purchase power. So I still not get it Steve Jobs, why did you not include this in your new gadget?

Ten Things You Will Hate About the Iphone 2.0

1. No MMS. There were no words mentioned about MMS during the presentation at all, and there are no net pages that mention whether it will be available in version 2.0 of iPhone. Several blog sites have announced that they will integrate their services direct on the cell phone with the option to load pictures and text. We think that the telecom industry will miss this feature most, as they will loose their chance to offer more expensive animated picture services on their network. The opening for third party software on the iPhone makes it possible for the network providers to add this service on if they feel for it.

2. No video recording. The camera on the iPhone is more than capable to record videos, and with up to 16 GB storage it should be enough storage to record more than most of us need. But there is no video function, and this is a petty since Apple makes superior video editing software for their computers. If any programmers want to, he can make a video recorder through the camera available. So for those who wants to make a software for video recording, it is just to start right away.

3. No docking station. The tiny plastic stand that comes together with version 1.0 of the iPhone is now extra add on. This is the same development as happened with the iPod, where Apple went from full package with charger and docking station to a package where you hardly got a power cable included.

4. No video conference. This is maybe the least missed features in the iPhone as this is a very little used feature in the network providers product portfolio.

 
5. Still only 2 Megapixles in the camera. It is a myth that more megapixles makes better pictures, but as long as all other factors are the same, it would be better with more mega pixles on the camera. iPhone makes very good pictures with the small camera available, so it is really a shame that Apple does not provide more megapixles on the camera than they do.

6. No wirless iTunes syncronization. You still have to connect through the cable to transfer music. With Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and 3G the cable should have been history for the small updates one have to perform daily, like music f.inst. The first synchronization of the iPhone has to be performed by cable, as 16 GB will take a while on the Wi-Fi, but the rest of the time should have been able to be performed through wireless connection.

7. No Adobe Flash. iPhone has a very good internet browser. It is so good that it is used for most mobile traffic to Google, this despite that iPhone is nowhere close to dominate the market on the cell phone side. It is therefore disappointing that Flash is not supported on the iPhone, and even more disappointing when you want to browse a web page that you need to see a flash movie before you can go further into the page.

8. No Java. This means that you still can not use several net banks used around the world on iPhone net browser.

9. No extra Bluetooth functions. Bluetooth on the existing version 1.0 of iPhone is limited in use. You can not send files between iPhone and other cell phones. Nor can it transfer between the iPhones or other iPhones..There is no option for using bluetooth head phones and there is no chance to connect to a PC.

 
10. No special price for you, my friend!  This marks the end where you can take your stronger currency and buy a iPhone in US shops and then hack it home. Sure, the hackers will find ways to avoid the blockings made on the iPhone, but you will need to pay anyway. The reason people could buy the first version of iPhone cheap, was because the consumer could sign the subscription at home. The consumer did not commit to anything in the shop, and this opened for using local SIM-cards. In the next version of the iPhone, the consumer will demand you sign a subscription in the shop before you can take the iPhone with you home.

Watch Out When Buying the New Version of Iphone 3G

The old version that has been available around the world as a hacked version, because it otherwise would not work in other countries than SIM cards bought in the USA.

Up til now it has been possible to go into an Apple store in the USA and take with you an iPhone without any subscription for a network provider.

The next version of iPhone with 3G net and assisted GPS will not be sold with this opportunity. Subscription will have to be signed in the store, and will last for 18 months in the USA. There might be a chance to open the new iPhone for other SIM cards, but the network operator will regardless get his money for the subscription.

A lot of auctions has appeared on the eBay internet site after the launch of iPhone 3G last Tuesday, despite the fact that the cell phone is not for sale yet. 11th of July the iPhone 3G will be launched for sale in around 70 countries around the world.

If you buy a iPhone 3G from an eBay auction now, it is not easy to tell what you will get in the mail. In the best case you will pay for another person to stand in line to purchase a cell phone locked to a network in the USA.

Future Apple Devices Looking to Solar Power

Apple ha filed a patent for integrating solar cells into portable devices by placing them underneath the layers of a touch-sensitive display, according to the delivered patent application.

Solar power could help make devices truly portable, freeing from the need for wires to connect them to a power supply.

The larger the solar cell panel is the better it is for generating electricity, but as the patent “Solar cells on portable devices” warns, after allowing space for buttons, screens and a way to hold the device, only a small area is left on most devices for solar cells.

One of the ways around this dilemma is suggested in the patent as to stack a touch-sensitive layer, a display and solar panel on top of one another. That could make Apple’s iPhone and iPod Touch good candidates for such a power supply, as the display occupies almost the entire face of those devices.

The use of solar powered charging in portable devices is starting to get more attention, for more immediate consumer use as well.

When Vodafone announced its plan in April 2008, to reduce its emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 by 50 percent by 2020, it also announced plans for solar-powered phone chargers and universal phone chargers for Vodafone-branded handsets.

At the recent ITU Telecom Africa 2008 conference, Ugandan Minister for Communications and Information and Communication Technologies Ham-Mukasa Mulira talked about trials of solar-powered charging conducted there, which had showed promising results.

Create, Design & Launch Your Iphone Application

The Apple iPhone is an amazing device that invites  creativity. You’ve probably said to yourself: ‘I wish I  could do that on my iPhone.’

With the iPhone Software Development Kit (SDK), programmers can make your ideas reality – even if you yourself don’t know the difference between a C-pointer  and a SQLite database.

More than 200 iPhone application projects have already  been posted on Elance.com. Check out these tips in this article to get  your project kick-started.

We focus on the development of applications for the Apple iPhone, and we asked Nick Dalton, iPhone SDK specialist, to give Elance buyers a few tips on how to scope and post an iPhone Application project. Here’s what he had to say:

The iPhone is an amazing device that invites creativity. If you’re an iPhone owner I’m sure you’ve said to yourself: ‘I wish I could do that on my iPhone, or I have a great idea for an iPhone application’.

With the iPhone Software Development Kit (SDK), programmers can make your ideas reality – even if you yourself don’t know the difference between a C-pointer and a SQLite database. But before you go ahead and post your application idea to the buzzing iPhone project area on www.Elance,com. here are some pointers to get your project kick-started:

Study the Masters
Apple has already spent a lot of time thinking about how to present information and build interactive applications on the iPhone. The applications that come with the iPhone are the results of this research. Study them in great detail and try to apply as many of the user interface metaphors as possible to your application.

Not only will Apple be flattered if you imitate the user interface in their applications, but they actually mandate it to a great level of detail as described in their Human Interface Guidelines.

Dream in Color Screens
Most applications for the iPhone will be very visual. Therefore it makes sense to provide your requirements as screen images or sketches. You don’t have to be a graphics artist to do this effectively. An iPhone programmer is looking for the following information:

- The type of layout each screen should have

- The buttons on the screens

- The actions associated with each button

The exact shape and format of your screen sketches is secondary. As long as they are readable, it’s a great way to communicate your application design to a programmer.

Be Realistic About Your Budget
Look at other iPhone projects posted on Elance to get a sense for the bid amounts on these projects. Read the descriptions of these projects to see if they seem to be larger or smaller projects than what you have in mind. If you set your budget to under $500 for something that is realistically going to take a programmer two months to implement, you are not likely to attract many bidders.

From a programming perspective, some things are easy to do on the iPhone, while other seemingly simple things are very time consuming. For example the beautiful cover-flow animation used in the music application on the iPhone should be simple to use in other applications. Unfortunately you can’t. If you want this animation within your application it will have to be written from scratch, probably costing a one month of work.

If you talk to an approved iPhone developer early in your application design process you can learn how to get most out of your budget by avoiding the things that are really difficult to do on the iPhone.

Don’t Be Too Original
iPhone users already know how to do certain tasks on their phones by convention. For example, if you tap an item in a list that has a > icon next to it, you expect to be taken to another screen with more information about that item. If your application needs similar functionality, don’t be creative and come up with a new way to solve the same problem. Use the conventions already established by Apple.

New conventions are difficult to establish especially with the touch interface because there is no way to discover how your application works on the iPhone. Unlike a website where you can hover with the mouse pointer over areas that look like you can interact with them and a tool tip or the status bar will reveal some clues to you.

Know Your Limitations
The current version of the iPhone SDK, which is used to write applications for the iPhone, has many restrictions and limitations. Some of them are common sense, e.g. you can’t send text messages from an application. Imagine an application that sends out thousands of text messages without your knowledge, who is going to pay the phone bill for that?

Other restrictions are maddening: applications cannot access the log of phone calls, or interact in any way with the calendar or the music stored on the iPhone.

To Apple’s credit, the iPhone SDK is an amazing piece of software especially given that it was publicly released as a Beta just three months ago. Some of the shortcomings listed above will likely be addressed in future releases of the SDK.

As a buyer with an idea for an iPhone application, you should educate yourself about these limitations before you spend too much time designing an application that is impossible to implement. Talk to a developer or company that specializes in iPhone development (and there are many available on Elance) and they can help you get on the right track from the start.

About
Nick Dalton (username: 360mind) is an experienced iPhone SDK specialist and Elance.com service provider. He has 15+ years of background in programming, and currently focuses his business, 360mind, 100% on the development of iPhone applications. For more information on Nick, check out his book, 101 iPhone Tips and Tricks.

A New Business Model Has Forced Its Way Forward for the New 3G Apple Iphone

A new business model has forced its way forward for the new 3G Apple iPhone

Why could we say this? There are two statements from Apple and AT&T that confirms this new trend is coming.

 Apple alerted the SEC that although it had signed deals with 70 countries…

“…Under the vast majority of these agreements, Apple will not receive follow-on revenue generating payments from carriers”

AT&T, for its part, warned investors of…

“…potential dilution to earnings per share (EPS) from this initiative in the $0.10 to $0.12 range this year and next.”

When the Apple IPhone was first introduced, Apple made some rather unusual terms connected to its launch. Customers had to pay full retail price for it  and carriers had to share a sizable cut of their monthly revenue with the manufacturer.

Now, the carriers will be subsidizing the cost of the phone, making up for it in monthly charges, and they are no longer funneling a share of that monthly revenue to Apple. Apple is now beginning to play by the rules that all other cell phone hardware manufacturers play by in the growing cell phone market.

This will also put some stress on the new market segment that made its way during the launch of the 1st generation IPhones, namely the unlocking business. The incentives for unlocking will disappear and that may make lots of unlockers around the world out of a job for the new generation IPhones under the new business model proposed now.

However, one major incentive for unlocking remains, especially for Europeans. Those who travel to other countries with unlocked phones can use local prepaid service plans rather than paying exorbitant international roaming fees to their home carriers.

The New Generation Iphone With 3G and GPS – an End to the Unlocking Business?

Twice as fast and half the price, and it is coming July 11th, it is a Phone, iPod, and Internet in one fast 3G device. 

The new iPhone 3G combines all the revolutionary features of iPhone with 3G networking, built-in GPS, and iPhone 2.0 software that supports Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync and runs hundreds of third party applications built with the iPhone SDK. Available in 22 countries on July 11, iPhone 3G comes in two models: an 8GB model priced at $199 (US) and a 16GB model priced at $299 (US). 

The iPhone will have fast 3G wireless technologies, GPS mapping, support for enterprise features like Microsoft Exchange, and the new App Store, iPhone 3G puts even more features at your fingertips. And like the original iPhone, it combines three products in one — a revolutionary phone, a widescreen iPod, and a breakthrough Internet device with rich HTML email and a desktop-class web browser. iPhone 3G. 

The phone will be sold in more countries. Apple added five countries beyond the U.S. for the first phone, but the second one will go on sale in 22 countries on July 11. Apple has said it will add more countries at a rapid clip and reach 70 by the end of the year. That takes away one of main incentives for unlocking the phone. 

Apple is abandoning the unusual arrangement under which the iPhone was being sold. Customers could buy them from a carrier or from Apple without activating them on a service plan, and that meant customers could go home and unlock the phones — and never sign up with AT&T.

The new phone will be subsidized by carriers, which accounts for its lower price: $199 for the 8-gigabyte model, down from $399. This brings the phone’s marketing in line with standard industry practices.

The carriers plan to make back what they spend on the subsidy through service fees, which means they likely will require two-year service contracts from everyone who buys the phone. AT&T said buyers will have to activate service before leaving the store with an iPhone. 

This may put an end to the unlocking business that has been expanding on the internet and in various countries around the world. We just have to wait and see.

Video Recording With the Iphone is Possible and We Tell You How

DreamCatcher offers video recording for your iPhone

iPhone users would like to have the ability to perform video recordings. DreamCatcher tries to bring some advanced features to their product. They want you to choose them obviously, and are going to offer the capabilities to make that happen.

The DreamCatcher video recorder application uses the mpeg4 encoding method. Encoding with mpeg4 provides optimum quality vs size, with the ability to compress an hour of video taken from the iPhone to just 60MB. The application can record at up to 15 frames per second, allowing high quality video recording. The application realizes the stress put on the iPhone CPU when encoding the video during recording. DreamCatcher has devised a way to make this less of a limitation by letting the video be saved to the iPhone’s memory, and encoded at a later time. Alternatively, you can set the application to automatically begin encoding after the video has been recorded. If on the fly encoding is your thing though, you have that option too.

The DreamCatcher application is not for free. There is a free trial version if you would like to see the application in action before you buy. The application will cost you 20 USD.

http://www.iphonevideorecorder.com/index.html

There is another iPhone Video Recording which is Working and it is called  Drunknbass.

Monster and Friends have created an iPhone application which can record video up to 45 frames per second and working on the final version. Drunknbass beta allows you to record 5 seconds of video at 10 fps with a resolution of 2 megapixels. It doesn’t have any interface, so you just download it, put it in your iPhone’s Applications folder, click on the button and it will start recording. When Drunknbass is finished with the five seconds recording, it will replay the clip once. The final application will be able to record unlimited-sized clips (only constrained by your available space) with up to 30 frames per second and it will have an interface to save your clips (they are looking for developers to help with the graphical side of the software)

http://monsterandfriends.com/iphonevideo

Edge – Wifi Use on Your Iphone – How and Why?

So the iPhone works on EDGE networks. But what does this mean and is it good enough?
The iPhone has been designed to work on GPRS, EDGE and Wi-Fi networks but doesn’t include 3G support. Apple has stated this has to do with the power requirements of the 3G chip.
EDGE provides higher download speeds than the 2G network and GPRS (2.5G) but less than what can be achieved with Wi-Fi and 3G. and it has been labeled 2.75G.
The coverage of the EDGE networks around the world is very sparse, some places only 10s of percent actually. And that is disappointing numbers and not good news for the users of iPhone.
Trying to talk up the iPhone’s Wi-Fi compatibility and its deals for free hotspot are not doing the trick either.
EDGE is the existing standard for GSM data networks. GSM is a direct rival to CDMA. In the US, Cingular is the largest GSM provider.
EDGE offers service rated at about quarter Mb/sec. That’s about twice the speed of ISDN (.128 MB/sec), but significantly slower than even the slowest offerings of DSL (.3 to 1.5 Mb/sec), and a fraction of the throughput of 802.11b WiFi (typical: 6.5 Mb/sec).
EDGE is far faster than GPRS or old dialup networks however (both are about .03 Mb/sec), so while EDGE not capable of supporting iChat style video conferencing, it is useful enough to browse web pages, receive HTML emails, and support the other web service features demonstrated on the iPhone such as Google Maps.

EDGE is also widely deployed in the US. Newer generation technologies, including HSUPA and EVDO, are not. If the iPhone supported newer networks at launch, it would offer users less data service coverage at higher service fees. HSUPA does promise a future path for faster data, and will no doubt unlock new applications for future phones.

Along with the confusing acronym soup of HSDPA and HSOPA, HPUPA competes against other mobile 3G standards. Wikipedia says the next set of standards are edging out existing CDMA2000 and EVDO rollouts in some markets.

In addition to the factors of availability and cost, another reason for Apple going with EDGE rather than a faster network is that the iPhone won’t have to rely solely on mobile phone networks for data. It’s designed to use WiFi wherever it’s available.

WiFi is far faster than any mobile networks now in place, including EVDO and HSUPA (2.5 – 5.76 Mb/sec). Typical 802.11b and g offer 6.5 Mb/sec and 20 Mb/sec transfers. WiFi is so much faster because it is designed to serve a much smaller range of local service.

For iPhone users in a school, home, or office with existing WiFi service, automatic use of WiFi for data service will not only be far faster, but far cheaper: free in many cases.

Getting EDGE to work on your iPhone is simple, but require some knowledge about application set up in your iPhone.
You will need iBrickr to browse the file system of your iPhone (www.ibrikr.com)
There is a video turorial available for iBrickr if you want to learn how to use this system (www.i4u.com/article11028.html)

Once you have downloaded the iBrickr and the PXL files installed on your iPHone, you can launch iBrickr.exe. You will be able to see the main interface and click on files to browse your phone file system.
Locate your /private/var/root
Launch notepad and paste this code;
Function FindProxyForURL(url, host)
{
If (isInNet (myIpAddress(), “10.0.0.0”,
“255.0.0.0”))
Return “PROXY 216.155.165.50:808”;
Else
Return “DIRECT”
}
Save the file as proxy.pac and upload it to /private/var/root
Right click this file and select “save link as”, you need to save the file as
Preference.plist, you will then upload preference.plist into the following iPhone directory:
/private/var/root/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/preferences.plist
NOTE! If you are on firmware 1.1.3, upload the preferences.plist to this directory;
/private/var/preferences/SystemConfiguration
This will overwrite the current file that is already in that directory.

Now grab your iPhone and tap settings – General – Network – EDGE. The APN you will use is wap.voicestream.com, username and password will be guest. Reboot your iPhone and there you are, you should be able to browsw online using EDGE.

NB! After performing this hack you will notice that EDGE will interfere with your WIFI connections whenever it sees it. IF this happens to you, there is a solution for this as well.
Click on the Browse Application button, this will launch a list of 3rd party applications you can install at your will. For our purpose we will install an application called Services. Basically what this does is allow you to turn off the WiFi, Bluetooth and EDGE according to your needs.
Once you are done with the installation, iPhone will reboot and on your Springboard you should see a Services icon, tap on the icon and here you can toggle between EDGE and WiFi connection.

GPS on the Iphone – Navigation is Now Possible on the Iphone – However You Can Wait for Firmware 2.0 as Well to Get an Apple Solution

Apple has promised a real GPS solution to the iPhone during 2008 in the iPhone 2.0 version firmware release.
This is supposedly a solution provided together with globalmap and googlemap.

In the meantime there will pop up so many various solutions, it will be up to you to decide what solution you want.

Here is a hardware solution to come during 2008
http://www.gomite.com/

Mexens Technology, with its virtual Navizon GPS system has finally arrived for the iPhone. The program still utilizes “WiFi and cellular tower triangulation techniques,” but according to the firm’s CEO, “this is just as if the iPhone were equipped with a GPS chip.”

Of course, I am still doubtful that this peer-to-peer location approach works just as good as a bonafide GPS receiver, but considering that you won’t be forced to pay the $24.99 purchase price until after 15 days are up, why not give it a go and find out?
And in addition it will take only seconds to find location, as for more robust solutions it will take maybe minutes to locate on the iPhone.
However, if it is long distance between towers, the accuracy will be less of course. So do not plan to use it for geotracking or something like this.
http://www.navizon.com

The navizon has come back with good reviews, it has a free one, and a paid version. The paid version is more accurate and has more features (of course).

Another solution is this hardware solution to put on end of the iPhone.
http://www.tuaw.com/2007/12/17/gps-dongle-coming-for-iphone/

Best of luck with your navigation, and hopefully you will find yourself in the right spot at the right time. And PS! Maybe you will be able to remember where you were some time ago, equally good as your authorities has the ability to find out were you were.

Sdk for Iphone and Itouch Platforms – Will This Create a Boom in Free and Commercial Applications for Apple Gadget?

Apple has released the iPhone Developer Program which provides a complete and integrated process for developing, debugging, and distributing applications for iPhones and iPod touch platoform.The SDK comes complete with development resources, real-world testing on iPhone, and distribution on the App Store, you will have everything you need to go from code to the customer.

Go to http://developer.apple.com/iphone/program to find more details around this SDK program.
You can either download the Free iPhone SDK which include the Xcode IDE, Instruments, iPhone simulator, frameworks and samples, compilers, Shark analysis tool, and more. Or you can choose to enroll into the iPhone developers program at standard of enterprise program levels which will cost you from USD 99 to USD 299 in order to enroll.
However, you will need a Apple ID to do so, if you do not have that, you will have to go through the application registration to get enrolled. When done this, select the program you want to enroll into, and wait for Apple to approve you for this entry.
So now you can develop any type of application for the iPhone. Well, we have to wait and test the SDK to see how open it is, and what it gives developers in respect to tools to twist the most out of this gadget.
So, whether you are a games developer or you want to make business applications, you have the chance now to get on the train to do so.

Iphone Hacks and Applications That Will Transform Your Iphone to Something Truly Different

In this article I will give some insight into the hackers environment of iPhone and give you some reference to some interesting sites that will provide you with resources if you ever want to wander down this road yourself. However, we take no responsibility for any third party links, nor the content found therein either. If you want to jailbrake your iPhone, then you have to be aware of one thing, you will depend much on your own knowledge about how to maneuver with your new modified iPhone.
However, it is fun, it opens a totally new world for use of the iPhone. You will be able to take part of some very innovative use of the Mac operating system as well as its user interface. It is a world with almost no limitations.
If you want to, you can wait for Apple’s release of its SDK and wait for some developers coming up with some official applications for your iPhone. However there are thoughts in the market that Apple will not reveal all of iPhone’s potential through its SDK and therefore it will be utilized for development of applications Apple themselves find convenient for iPhone and especially for the business related side of iPhone.

We will start our search for resources and you are more than welcome to take a peek behind some of the links and begin to learn the true potential of your iPhone.

http://iphone.dashbuster.com/
Manage Your Blockbuster Queue From Your iPhone
You can view your shipped and queued movies, as well as drag and drop Queue reorganizing. You will also be able to search for and add movies as well as add movies from Blockbusters RSS feeds.

http://www.modmyifone.com/forums/
Here you can get tips as well as apps and downloads for your iPhone, such as Firmware, iPhone Software, Modded files, Stock files, templates, themes and Widgets for the iPhone.

http://www.iphonehacks.com/
Here you will find iPhone Hacks. It is your source for the latest Apple iPhone Hacks JailBreak Unlocking News Applications Tips & Tricks Reviews Rumors Blog on the Apple iPhone … Fix for iPhone’s

http://www.iphone-hacks.com/
iPhone Hacks, Cracks, Homebrew, and Modifications. All your iPhone underground needs! … Hack your Apple iPhone Welcome to the source for all your iPhone Hacks . iPhone hackers . This is another source for all iPhone Hacks. iPhone hackers, developers, and researchers around the globe have been working hard to open the device in hopes to achieve what Apple never intended. iphone-hacks.com aims to share all the hacking, mods, cracks, and discoveries with you — in one central location.

http://www.iphonestalk.com/
On this site you will find the latest iPhone Accessories, News, Reviews, ringtones and more.

http://forums.iphonehacks.com/
iPhone Hacks Forums :: Forums for the latest Hacks News Applications Tips & Tricks Reviews Rumors on the Apple iPhone.

http://www.iphonefreak.com/iphone_hacks/
News and hacks for your iPhone can be found here. Some tricks and tips are also found here.

http://www.iphonegizmo.com/
If you are looking for downloads for your iphone then you might like this great site we found where you can get heaps of iphone downloads – PLUS PLUS!!! – plus videos, PLUS movies, PLUS music, PLUS TV shows like “The OC”, PLUS games (and a stack of other downloads!).

If you look for the Iphone Guitar application, it is available on installer.
Some interesting tips and reference to pages with this installer can be found at http://code.google.com/p/pocketguitar/

Iphone Hacks Vs Apple Sdk Kit Planned Released in Short Time

iPhone hacks vs Apple SDK kit planned released in short time.

iPhone has a community providing a large range of applications, useless to innovative more useful applications. The Mac operating system and its interface makes it more fun to do development on than the Microsoft handheld PDA’s.
Will this community survive and prosper regardless of Apple’s planned release of iPhone SDK this month?

The iPhone is a perfect example of what a handheld device should have. It has a a nice design, easy-to-use software, and an intuitive interface. Several people found out they needed to make their own software for it, since it lacked some as Apple released it. You will find add-ons made by these people that range from instant access to a Blockbuster Online DVD queue to a pocket guitar that takes advantage of the touch screen technology.People also unlock the iPhone from AT&T or other subscription systems. This will enable the iPhone to work on other operator’s networks.
Al these add-on software’s, are done without Apple’s interference or their technical support. Apple is expected to release a software development kit (SDK) that will allow programmers to write legitimate software for the phone. This kit will be available during February month and will enable developers to make more robust software, and it will let the iPhone users to download new programs without needing to follow online instructions from various blogs. The SDK will likely spawn a new world of applications, will lead to commercial applications for the business sector, that will extend the use of the iPhone beyond its user base of 4 million, as announced in January by Apple.
Today’s iPhone users use the handheld as Apple intended it to be used, by updating the software and installing media via iTunes. By default, the only way to get anything on the iPhone is by using iTunes,
The developer Jerry Jones has made an iPhone widget that accesses a user’s Blockbuster movie queue, as well as a program that lets people adjust the phone’s shortcuts so that a double click of the home key launches different applications than Apple’s default.
If you want to add these kinds of unwarranted files to your iPhone, you must make some technical workarounds and it is not for the in-experienced users.
One of the most popular programs made for hacked iPhones is a game called Labyrinth that lets a user roll a virtual marble through a maze by tilting the phone. The game accesses the built-in accelerometer in the iPhone.
Shinya Kasatani wrote an application that turns the iPhone into a guitar. The application is easy to use for people familiar with a real guitar. The screen of the iPhone is turned into a virtual guitar board on which a person can press and pluck. It’s basically a software-based synthesizer with a guitar user interface.
The developers need the official SDK and programming documentation to build stable applications. When Apple releases its SDK, more applications like this could become available, just as they are on PCs and Macs today.
There is suspition in the developers circles that it’s not going to be a wide open SDK. Programmers might have access to certain layers of the phone’s underlying software, such as the instructions that allow widgets to access the Internet, but Apple may keep the instructions for accessing the accelerometer, for example, under wraps.
The control is essential to ensuring that the iPhone works well for most of the people most of the time. In addition, Apple’s control is important for ensuring software stability and security, which is two important criteria if the phone is to be used in the business setting. Apple wants to make the iPhone somewhat corporate friendly.
You are going to see a lot of focus on pulling developers in to make form-based applications. The kind of applications used in a sales environment, for example. Apple will treat third-party software the same way that it approves iPod accessories: by requiring vendors to register with Apple to acquire a badge noting Apple’s approval. In this way, Apple could maintain some control over the quality of outside applications, which could help make them more secure.
The hacking community will continue to be innovative with the iPhone, regardless of the access the SDK provides to programmers and the safety precautions available for certified third-party programs.
“Even without the official SDK,” says Kasatani, “it’s much more attractive than Windows Mobile.” The Mac operating system and user interface are more fun to use, he says, and the multi-touch display makes it especially interesting to work with.

Unlock Your Iphone

In some countries the Iphone will not be available, or in some cases it is locked to an operator in order to be fully utilized. If you do not want to wait with the purcase of the Iphone and want to unlock it for use with any SIM card, here is how you will have to do it.
If you want an iPhone then for some of us the choice is simple. In some countries or regions the iPhone is not available before even next year.
If you know someone in countries where the iPhone is for sale, or know someone who are travelling to these regions of the world. Then ask them to purchase the phone and take it with them home. Whe you purchase the phone at an Apple Store or in a store where the phone is available it is probably locked to an operator. If it is bought in the US, then it is locked to the US operator AT&T.

When you have your phone at home, you just connect it to your computer and it will automatically take your through a set up to subscribe for the subscription for the selected operator in that country it is sold or AT&T in the US. But the phone can be unlocked by the assistance of software. In this manner you will avoid subscription to a certain operator. Unlocking process starts at the stage just before you are to subscribe for operator. So the unlocking happens before you make an agreement with the selected operator or AT&T and you are not in breech with any deal when you unlock the phone, unless you have been informed about that the phone is locked to a certain operator at the sale of the phone.
The phone ranges in prices, but in the US it costs 399 dollar for the 8 Gb-version and 499 dollar for the 16 Gb version.

Loose the warranty

It is important to be aware of that you loose any warranty on the phone when you perform the unlocking procedure on it. So if something goes wrong with it afterwards, you can not ask for any refund or free fix of the phone from Apple.
The simplest way of unlocking the phone is with the help of the program called ZiPhone. This piece of software makes the whole process for you, but you have to be careful following the instructions to the point..

If you decide to stop the unlock process before it si finished, or do something else that stops the process before it is finished, involve a large risk for the phone to be destroyed.
Even if the phone turns off during the process, or it comes up a text message on the phone, do not stop the unlocking process before it is complete. We do not take any responsibility for any potential problems you will meet during the unlock process. I have tested the unlock process with Ziphone myself, and it worked smoothly, but this is no guarantee for yourself.

The process is guided by the software in English. Instructions for the software Ziphone is also in English. The program can be used both on Mac and PC.

You can download the Ziphone from this link;
http://www.ziphone.org/
We are not responsible for content of links herein, and it is totally up to the users discresion and responsibility to use this link.
It is a 3 step process
The software ZiPhone will lead you through the process in three steps in order for you to be able to open the iPhone.

1.The activation step of the process is handled first. The lock that usually has to be opened by purchasing a subscription is avoided.

2. The second step is opening the iPhone so it can be modified and alter the software. This is called Jailbreaking.

3. The third step is to modify the software on the iPhone so it will accept any SIM card you decide to use on it later.

The iPhone can now be used by any operator

After the phone has been unlocked you can use any subscription operator or type on the phone. In addition to just unlocking the cell phone, Ziphone puts in the program called installer.app. This software enables you to install a selection of new software created by iPhone-users themselves. If you select to use the software installer, you can put in support for various languages and software to send MMS etc etc.

It requires basic computer knowledge.

All of you who want to use the ZiPhone software to unlock the iPhone should use a computer and know how to install software.
The unlocking software is very simple to use, but requires that you follow the instruction and procedures to the last small detail. You do not need to be an expert using the ZiPhone, but only requires that you follow the installation procedure and in few minutes the phone will be unlocked. It is also important that you have basic computer skills to download software to the iPhone and to find the user value of these.

It is not illegal to unlock the phone, but you violate the warranty rules by unlocking it and alter the system files on the iPhone. It is therefore a risk you have to be willing to take if you want to take the phone into use in your country before it is sold officially there.
Another con by unlocking the phone on your own is the upgrade aspect of the phone at a later stage. It may be more difficult if not impossible to do so when you have done these unlocking and alterations of your phone.
However, the communities offering unlocking of the phones have so far been good providing options to make upgrade of Apple software as well, but there is no warranty this will be the case in the future..

Several shops providing these phones offer to unlock the phones so you can have any provider possible on the phone. Whether this is legal or not, remains to be seen as it has not been tested in any courts yet. Some operators claim it is against the agreement with the phones as they are sold, however on the other side, some courts have already tested other types of agreements, and found that you are able to do whatever you want with the product as long as you have purchased it, and its yours, and since you do these alterations before you enter into any agreements it can not be seen as a conflict with any agreements you have not entered in the first place.

The Battle Goes on – Which One is the Most Favourable Gadget for your Portable Needs – Ipod, Iphone, Ipod Touch or the Psp?

The battle goes on – which one is the most favourable gadget for your portable needs?

First you have to ask yourself as lots of potential buyers of either of the three below products, IPOD, IPOD TOUCH, IPOD Phone or the PSP. We do not talk about the iBook nor do we talk about Nintendos games console in this article, but they could be considered of course. Ibook is very costly but it enable you to use internet and listen to itunes with the same gadget.

What product fit your needs and the potential usage you are going to put it through?

If you look at some main parameters to judge the products more or less objective based on the user profile, you could come closer to the truth.
Look at functionalities like Gaming, Internet, Photo, Video, Music and Storage capacity. You also have to look at the user interface and its design like screen and functionality buttons.
We will try to compile these criteria’s more or less objective so you can evaluate the PSP vs the Ipod/phone products.

Gaming
Only PSP provides serious gaming console capacity and functionality. If you want gaming console capability your choice is clear, you need the Sony PSP and nothing else. There is no other choice.

Internet
Only PSP, Ipod Phone and Touch (latest software release January 2008) provides internet browsing and email capabilities. However the PSP screen is the largest of them all (for userability of web pages). PSP has some issues with some web pages which have to be taken into consideration. Apple products however have not been long enough in market to really test these features yet.

Photo
You get Photo album capabilities in all products more or less, however the PSP needs some upgrade by 3rd party software. What differentiates the products is memory capacity to hold a certain amount of pictures, but also the way you can interface with your photos. Looking at pictures, select, zoom in and out is better in the Ipod touch or the Iphone, utilizing the touch screen and its capabilities.
In all honesty the PSP looks better – the iphone seems to be suffering from a severe white balance problem. Maybe some people prefer that, but as the iphone costs four times as much as the PSP then you have to judge what is more important to meet your requirements. Obviously the PSP has the size advantage but the iPhone is brighter.

Video/Film
All products can hold videos at their internal formats, and several 3rd party software makes it possible to transfer this media between various medias such as PC, Ipod, PSP, cell phones etc. Again the user interface is the main differentiator here, as the touch screen makes it possible to browse the various movies in a fancier and maybe interactive way than in the PSP. However this is a matter of user preference and will be highly subjective to user’s needs and how he/she wants to interact with the gadget. Higher resolution on the PSP versus its competitors is also a point to mention here. So if you want the high resolution and slightly better screen definition, then PSP is definitively your choice.

Music/Audio
You can send your files over and use PSP as you would use an iPod Video, although Apple product has an advantage when it comes to storage. You’ll need to get up to 8Gb MemStick DUO on the PSP to get decent memory, but still much lower than IPOD with its 60Gb capacity. If you want a straight out of the box itunes player, then select the Ipod/touch/phone range, otherwise it will just be a subjective choice as there are lots of 3rd party customization to make the PSP to offer Itunes capability, conversion of audio files etc.

Storage Capacity
You can get up to 8Gb MemStick DUO for the PSP. IPOD leads here with its 60Gb capacity. Utilizing high memory capacity for the PSP will run at a cost as well, which needs to be addressed if compared for this purpose. However the Ipod Touch or Iphone comes with maximum of 8Gb memory and can not be upgraded without consequences for warranty etc. Ipod is superior when it comes to capacity, so if you need to store tens of Gb of music, or video, then your choice is the Ipod machine. If you tend to change content often and want to transfer often, then it is either the PSP or the Iphone/ Ipod Touch choices left. However the Apple product have a slight advantage as their user interface for handling the files are easier.

User interface/Design
Several comparisons of the IPOD screen vs PSP makes PSP the clear choice. When you compare IPOD Touch or IPHONE with PSP there is still a slight advantage to PSP since the screen is larger and it seems to have better color definition and looks crispier in view.
PSP is larger as a console vs either IPOD or Iphone or Ipod Touch, so it is maybe less practical to put in your pocket. However since we talk about different usage of these gadgets, you need to see if this really is a differentiator at all.
The later products from Apple with the touch screen is of course an new technology brought to the table, however you have to judge whether you need it for the purpose you need.
It comes down to touch and feel and what you focus on most. If you focus on screen quality, the Sony PSP is the clear choice. If you focus on the user interface and modern technology, then the Apple series touch or Phone is the selection for you.

I would personally go for the PSP, since my use is internet, movie and games. Since we really talk about a game console here, it gives power to all my favorite games as well as the chance to download some fancy graphics to use as my wall papers, or to manipulate some graphics on my PC or Mac and transfer to my PSP, it makes the choice clear to me. I can read most of my favorites on internet as well as reading my emails pretty effective despite no mouse or keyboard on the PSP, but here it is up to you to select what interface you want or are used to.
However, if you are a music and photo lover, I would maybe lean towards the Ipod touch or Iphone. If you already have an iPod that works well and hold enough music to keep you happy, then go with a new PSP.

So it all depends on what you want the gadget for. If you want to listen to music, get an iPod, if you want to play games, get a PSP.

So it comes down to the question Console or a Phone or a media player?

Iphone is a phone and the PSP is a console, Ipod Touch is a media player simple and easy.

The iPhone is a very pretty and medium to high priced multi-functional handheld device that can be used as a phone. The PSP is a very pretty and low cost multi-functional handheld device that can be used to play games, or fed with some 3rd party software used for a whole lot of things. Sony would prefer you not think of PSP as a handheld, more like a multi-media portable. Several handhelds that acts similar to the iPhone with the touch interface (Treo for instance).

You have to lean towards the price as well as your user profile, there is a large price difference to consider here. But if you want to boost your PSP, the price difference gets less, and can become minimal, especially when you talk about the Ipod Touch from Apple.

The old argument for people saying the PSP was the right choice for you, was that it can play music, watch videos, check email, play games and all in one device. This argument could be used for the Iphone as well, since you have the phone capability into it.

32Gb memory stick is soon to be released, so the PSP will be more costly than the iphone, if not the same price when using this memory. However it will have more than Apple products and more flexibility as you can buy as many memory sticks you want and have one for photos, one for audio and another one for games or email information etc.
In the end, the choice is yours but you need to do the homework first, decide what you need the most in your new gadget and what flexibility you want.
People want the simplest, easist way to get enjoyment. Apple, when designing anything (OS, iPod, Hardware, and now the iPhone) always aims for a high level of ease of use.
With any MP3 player, you don’t have a uniform way of getting music. It might come with applications to rip music, and even tell you where to legally download music. But then you factor in the compatibility. It may also give you a audio converter so everything works with your player, and its own media manager to boot. But with the iPod, you get just iTunes. And it’s that relationship that makes the iPod so dominant in the market. The program will rip your CDs. It has access to the store where every song, regardless of what the RIAA wants, will be 99 cents or 10 USD pr CD. And when you bring in your own music, iTunes will not only add it and organize it, but convert it to AAC if need be. It’s less work on the consumer. That is an appeal. And you have to pay for this convenience. It is the real reason why these products became dominant is for their consumer design.

However the PSP with 3rd party software or as the communities call it “homebrew” has common like music and video playback, image viewing and internet browsing and in those areas I’m sure the PSP will be comparable to the Ipod range products.
The iPhone won’t play any games though, at least they haven’t announced that it will, which is what most people who have a PSP use it for.

Network to support the 2.5G network that the iPhone uses and the network is lacking several places and has to be considered.

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